Primary formula
1/f = 1/v + 1/u; R = 2f; m = -v/u.
Physics calculator
Mirror Formula Calculator
Calculate spherical mirror focal length, image distance, radius of curvature and magnification with signed distances.
Last reviewed: July 21, 2026Physics formula engine v3.0.0
Physics calculator
Mirror Formula Calculator
Enter values, select units and calculate locally. Results use SI internally and show rounded display values.
Decimal.js physics math
Mode
Find mirror focal length from object and image distances.
Result and visual stay hidden until you choose Calculate.
Formula and assumptions
Input assumptions
Distances are signed by the displayed convention. The mirror is spherical. Object distance denominators cannot be zero.
Precision note
Physics calculators convert compatible inputs into SI units before calculating. Decimal.js is used for arithmetic where practical; trigonometric angle factors are rounded for display.
Physics calculation flow
Parse
Read labelled inputs, selected units and calculation mode from the calculator card.
Convert
Convert compatible values to SI base or derived units without calling external services.
Calculate
Apply the selected deterministic mechanics formula and validate against NaN, Infinity and invalid divisors.
Label
Display the result, supporting unit rows, formula steps, warnings and dynamic visual below the input card.
What Mirror Formula Calculator does
Use this calculator for simplified concave and convex mirror exercises that follow one consistent sign convention.
The calculator is deterministic and runs from manual inputs only. It is a physics formula tool, so it should not be confused with a unit converter that only changes labels after a value is already known.
Formula and variables
1/f = 1/v + 1/u; R = 2f; m = -v/u.
The calculator converts supported units into SI base or derived units for the actual calculation, then formats the result in the selected display unit.
- f is focal length
- u is object distance
- v is image distance
- R is radius of curvature
- m is magnification
Worked examples
Use the examples below to check expected order of operations and unit handling before applying the tool to your own values.
- u = -30 cm and v = -60 cm gives f = -20 cm and R = -40 cm
- f = -15 cm and u = -30 cm gives v = -30 cm
- u = -30 cm and v = -60 cm gives m = -2
Unit conversions
Length, time, mass, area, volume, speed, force, pressure, density, frequency, energy and power units reuse the central NexaCalc conversion registry. Acceleration, angle and spring-constant units use the same SI-first convention where applicable.
The displayed conversion rows are supporting context. They do not change the physical assumptions of the selected formula.
Common mistakes
Most errors come from mixing physical quantities that sound similar in everyday language or choosing a unit that belongs to a different dimension.
- Switching signs between mirror steps.
- Forgetting R = 2f.
- Using lens magnification signs for a mirror problem.
Assumptions and limitations
This page is intended for educational and planning calculations, not professional engineering certification.
This calculator uses idealized physics formulas and the input values you provide. Real systems may require additional effects such as friction, drag, rotation, deformation, losses or measurement uncertainty.
- Distances are signed by the displayed convention.
- The mirror is spherical.
- Object distance denominators cannot be zero.
- The formula does not model aberration, finite aperture, alignment or non-spherical mirrors.
- Interpretation depends on the chosen sign convention.
Frequently asked questions
What is the mirror formula?
Mirror Formula Calculator uses 1/f = 1/v + 1/u; R = 2f; m = -v/u. The result is calculated from the values and units entered in the form.
Which sign convention does this calculator use?
Use this calculator for simplified concave and convex mirror exercises that follow one consistent sign convention. Distances are signed by the displayed convention.
How do I calculate focal length for a mirror?
Mirror Formula Calculator uses 1/f = 1/v + 1/u; R = 2f; m = -v/u. The result is calculated from the values and units entered in the form.
What is radius of curvature?
Use this calculator for simplified concave and convex mirror exercises that follow one consistent sign convention. Distances are signed by the displayed convention.
Why is R equal to 2f for spherical mirrors?
Use this calculator for simplified concave and convex mirror exercises that follow one consistent sign convention. Distances are signed by the displayed convention.
What is magnification in a mirror?
Use this calculator for simplified concave and convex mirror exercises that follow one consistent sign convention. Distances are signed by the displayed convention.
How are concave and convex mirrors different?
Use this calculator for simplified concave and convex mirror exercises that follow one consistent sign convention. Distances are signed by the displayed convention.
What does a negative image distance mean?
Mirror Formula Calculator allows signed results only where the physics quantity can carry direction or reference-sign meaning. Divisors such as time, mass and gravity are validated before calculation.
Why do sign conventions matter in mirror problems?
Use this calculator for simplified concave and convex mirror exercises that follow one consistent sign convention. Distances are signed by the displayed convention.
When should I use the Lens Formula Calculator?
Mirror Formula Calculator uses 1/f = 1/v + 1/u; R = 2f; m = -v/u. The result is calculated from the values and units entered in the form.
References
- NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units. Relevance: SI unit symbols and derived-unit naming. Last verified: July 21, 2026. Source.
- BIPM, The International System of Units SI Brochure. Relevance: SI base and derived units used in mechanics, fluids, waves and optics. Last verified: July 21, 2026. Source.
- OpenStax University Physics Volume 1. Relevance: introductory formulas for motion, force, work, energy, momentum, fluids, waves and optics. Last verified: July 21, 2026. Source.
- NIST CODATA internationally recommended values. Relevance: physical constants for electricity, modern physics, gravitation and radiation formulas. Last verified: July 21, 2026. Source.
- OpenStax University Physics Volume 2. Relevance: electric circuits, capacitance, magnetic force and electromagnetic waves. Last verified: July 21, 2026. Source.
- OpenStax University Physics Volume 3. Relevance: photons, nuclear decay and blackbody radiation concepts. Last verified: July 21, 2026. Source.
Physics references verified for SI units, mechanics, fluids, waves, sound and optics formulas on July 21, 2026.
Educational disclaimer
This calculator provides mathematical results from the values, conventions and methods you enter. Verify important academic, engineering or professional work independently.